轨道交通车辆不锈钢车体激光焊缝定量超声波检测与评价研究
周广浩1李冰1杜雨欣1唱晓宇1高忠良2康丽齐1高雅1
Quantitative Ultrasonic Testing and Evaluation of Laser Welds for Stainless Steel Carbody of Rail Transit Vehicles
ZHOU Guanghao1LI Bing1DU Yuxin1CHANG Xiaoyu1GAO Zhongliang2KANG Liqi1GAO Ya1
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作者信息:1.中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司工程技术中心，130062，长春
2.中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司质量保证部，130062，长春
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Affiliation:1.Engineering Technology Center, CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., 130062, Changchun, China
2.Quality Assurance Department, CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., 130062, Changchun, China
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关键词:
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Key words:
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DOI:10.16037/j.1007-869x.2025.02.012
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中图分类号/CLCN:U270.6
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栏目/Col:研究报告
摘要:
［目的］在轨道交通车辆不锈钢车体的激光焊接过程中，激光束向材料传递能量的过程是动态变化的。为保证激光焊接质量，需要利用无损检测方法来评估不锈钢车体激光焊缝的熔合状态。为此，应对基于超声波定量检测技术的激光焊缝融合状态检测方法进行深入研究。［方法］介绍了试验的材料及试验的相关准备工作，开展了超声波检测试验。在时域上，对A扫描信号进行提取分析；在频域上，利用快速傅里叶方法对A扫描信号进行了时频域转换，制作出频谱特性曲线。利用时域上的A扫描信号和频域上的频率谱特性曲线，建立了激光焊缝熔合宽度（以下简称“熔宽”）的计算模型。采用半衰减法和频域分析法获得熔宽的仿真值，将仿真值与实际值进行对比，并进行了误差统计分析。［结果及结论］超声波A扫描信号和主频幅值的变化与探头位置有良好的对应关系。采用半衰减法和频域分析法获得的熔宽均具有有效性，可用来对焊缝质量进行有效评估。与半衰减法相比，频域分析法具有更高的准确性和稳定性，其熔宽仿真值与实际值的误差在0.1mm以内，该检测精度能够满足实际工程应用的检测需要。
Abstracts:
［Objective］ During the laser welding process of stainless steel carbody of rail transit vehicles, energy transfer from the laser beam to the material is dynamically variable. To ensure the quality of laser welding, non-destructive testing methods are required to evaluate the fusion state of the laser welds in stainless steel carbodies. Thus, the laser weld fusion state detection method based on quantitative ultrasonic testing technology is investigated. ［Method］ Materials and preparatory work for the experiments are introduced, and ultrasonic testing experiments are conducted. In the time domain, A-scan signals are extracted and analyzed. In the frequency domain, the FFT (fast Fourier transform) method is used to convert A-scan signals into the time-frequency domain, producing spectral characteristic curves. Using the A-scan signals in the time domain and the spectral characteristic curves in the frequency domain, a calculation model for the fusion width of the laser weld (hereinafter referred to as ′fusion width′) is established. The semi-attenuation method and frequency domain analysis method are used to obtain the simulated values of the fusion width, which are then compared with actual values, followed by the error statistical analysis. ［Result & Conclusion］ The variations in ultrasonic A-scan signals and main frequency amplitude correlate well with the probe position. The fusion widths obtained using the semi-attenuation method and frequency domain analysis method are both valid for assessing weld quality effectively. Compared to the semi-attenuation method, the frequency domain analysis method demonstrates higher accuracy and stability, with the detected error between the simulated fusion width and the actual value within 0.1 mm. This precision meets the requirements for practical engineering applications.
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