动车组客室座椅靠背螺栓断裂问题分析及整改措施
毕凯贾旭
Analysis and Countermeasures of Bolt Fracture Issues in EMU Passenger Compartment Seat Backs
BI KaiJIA Xu
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作者信息:中车长春轨道客车股份有限公司国家轨道客车工程研究中心，130062，长春
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Affiliation:National Engineering Research Center of Railway Vehicles, CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., 130062, Changchun, China
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关键词:
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Key words:
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DOI:10.16037/j.1007-869x.2025.02.031
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中图分类号/CLCN:U271.913.8+7
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栏目/Col:应用技术
摘要:
［目的］高速铁路动车组座椅靠背螺栓断裂，将导致靠背支撑性能失效及角度调节功能失效。检修发现,靠背螺栓断裂的发生频次较高，且断裂形式趋于一致，需要找出螺栓断裂的原因，并提出相应的整改措施。［方法］对螺栓进行了化学成分检查和拉伸检查，以及剪切试验、硬度试验等力学性能试验，核查了螺栓自身的质量。采用金相组织和电镜扫描，对螺栓断口的宏观形貌和微观形貌进行了分析，找出螺栓断裂的形式。最后对螺栓的服役工况理论进行了分析，确定螺栓断裂的主要原因。对既有结构进行了整改，增加辅助固定支架，以改善螺栓的受力工况。［结果及结论］螺栓断裂并非螺栓自身质量引起，其断裂为韧性疲劳断裂。悬臂结构下螺栓受不对称载荷作用产生弯曲，导致螺栓的疲劳性能较低，进而引起断裂。实施整改措施后，高速铁路动车组投入运营1年,没有再发生类似的螺栓断裂问题。
Abstracts:
［Objective］ The fracture of seat back bolts in high-speed railway EMU (electric multiple units) trains results in the back support performance failure and the angle adjustment feature malfunction. A high frequency of bolt fractures with consistent fracture pattern in seatbacks is found in maintenance inspections. Thus, it is necessary to identify the causes of the bolt fractures and propose corresponding countermeasures. ［Method］ Chemical composition checks, tensile tests and mechanical performance tests such as shear and hardness tests are conducted on the bolts, to evaluate the mechanical properties and verify the bolt quality. Metallographic analysis and electron microscopy scanning are employed to examine the macro and micro characteristics of the bolt fracture surfaces, identifying the types of bolt fracture. Theoretical analysis of the service conditions of the bolts is finally conducted to determine the primary cause of bolt fractures. Structural modifications are made, including the addition of auxiliary support brackets, to improve the loading conditions of bolts. ［Result & Conclusion］ The bolt fractures are not due to inherent quality issues but are identified as ductile fatigue fractures. The bolts are subjected to asymmetric loads under cantilever structures, and the resulted bending will lead to reduced fatigue performance and subsequent fractures. After implementing the countermeasures, no similar bolt fracture issues occurred during one year of high-speed railway EMU operation.
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