Abstract: Objective: In order to establish a more scientific and reasonable subway fire risk assessment index system, the scientific nature of subway station fire risk assessment should be further improved to enhance the level of subway traffic management. Method: 78 fire cases in subways at home and abroad from 1969 to 2021are collected, and the rules of subway fire accident occurrence s are summarized from time and space dimensions based on the case analysis method. Considering the correlation between the causes of fire accidents, the fire causes are sorted out and analyzed, and the fishbone diagram of the risk factors caused by subway fire accidents is drawn. The key words of accident causes are counted and extracted from the subjective and objective dimensions to determine the causes of subway fire accidents, and a subway fire risk evaluation index system containing 8 secondary indicators and 21 tertiary indicators is established. Based on the statistical frequency of accident causes, the weight of each index in the subway fire risk evaluation index system is further quantified. Using this index system and fishbone diagram, the 1995 fire accident of a metro station in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is analyzed. Result &Conclusion: Safety management, electrical system and passenger behavior ranked among the top three weights in the subway fire risk evaluation index system, and the impact of these three indicators on the incidence of subway fire accidents is as high as 59.3%. Using fishbone diagrams to analyze subway fire incidents helps to clearly and intuitively identify the root cause and causal chain of fire accidents. Consequently, the control of high\|frequency factors of subway fires should be strengthened in a targeted manner to ensure the safe operation of subway lines.