Objective Taking the Jiaxing-Fengnan Suburban Railway as the research subject, it is aimed to explore optimization pathways for suburban railway operation modes that are compatible with integrated regional development. By drawing on domestic and international experience of railway reform, a hybrid operation mode suitable for the development of the Jiaxing–Fengnan Suburban Railway is proposed, with the aim of improving operational efficiency and service quality, achieving financial sustainability.

Method The operation modes of suburban railways in various regions of China are introduced, and the problems existing in China's integration of 'infrastructure network and operation' model are analyzed. The experiences and lessons of railway reforms in Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany are comparatively examined. On this basis, optimization pathways for China's city railway operation modes are proposed.

Result & Conclusion  The implementation of regional operating company integration, can enhance coordination efficiency, while the introduction of social capital through franchising can alleviate financing pressure. Drawing on the 'relatively separated infrastructure network and operation' model can promote the separation of government and enterprise functions; however, it is necessary to establish a supporting dynamic adjustment mechanism for track access charges to address issues of distributional equity. It is recommended to construct a hybrid model of 'regional segmentation + relative separation of infrastructure network and operation + market-oriented operations,' to clearly define responsibilities for safety supervision, and to encourage transport enterprises to expand diversified business operations, ultimately achieving the dual objectives of improved city railway service quality and financial sustainability.